Extract to table

Once a module is qualified and deployed into a data-center fabric, switching costs are substantial: qualification testing must be re-run, firmware and management-plane integration must be re-validated, and the customer must accept the risk of introducing a new supplier into a mission-critical infrastructure element

Because the polarization state of light emerging from a standard single-mode fiber is generally unknown and varies over time, approximately half of the incoming optical power is lost or must be recovered through external polarization control — an approach that increases module cost, complexity, and physical footprint