Extract to table

4th 1 further instructs that the trial court must "carefully evaluate the nature of the claims and defenses" to determine whether class treatment is appropriate

27 establishes that a damages model must match the theory of liability

) While California courts apply this principle with some flexibility, the core requirement remains: "At the class certification stage, the party seeking certification must present a damages model that is 'susceptible of measurement across the entire class

A concert or award show broadcast begins at a fixed time and proceeds without interruption; production staff must be available throughout

at 35, a class action damages model must be "capable of measurement across the entire class" using common proof and must correspond to the theory of liability on which the class seeks to proceed

While California courts have applied Northgate Enterprises with some flexibility, recognizing that perfect congruence between the liability theory and the damages model is not always required, the fundamental principle remains: damages must be susceptible of common proof